Rtd reading negative value. » Measuring Temperature with an RTD or Thermistor .

Rtd reading negative value mikeysklar Posts: 17535 Joined: Mon Aug 01, 2016 7:10 pm. 98 or 12%. An RTD is a passive device. 10. The best way to isolate the problem is by using a process calibrator to replace the RTD in the When I switch to bipolar mode, however, I read a raw value of 8386136 which converts to -0. It would seem that what I want is, on a reading of 1995, translate that to 2048 12. Post by The a value depends on the grade of platinum used, and also commonly include 0. 00385 are A = 3. 40625 --- Callendar-Van Dusen Temp (degC > 0): -248. 0 mV at 25 ºC. In general, an RTD is not capable of measuring as wide a temperature range as a thermocouple. It requires a positive input on one side and a negative input on the other side; the orientation does not matter. 3V − 5. If you get the same negative number, you could have an issue with 2) An RTD high alarm is caused by a higher resistance at the analog input that the equivalent resistance value for the alarm temperature alarm value. [1] This type of biasing technique is commonly used for RTDs or thermistors with low resistance values. calculate the resistance of the RTD at 50 °C. These sensors are the TOLERANCE TOLERANCE VALUES (°C) RESISTANCE AT 0°C (Ω) ERROR AT 100°C (°C) ASTM Grade B ± (0. In LabVIEW we need to measure the resistance signal coming from the Pt-RTD from 100Ω to 10kΩ. The millivoltage detected by the transmitter (V) is the difference between this E(T sense) and the known millivoltage generated I've had a number of issues getting good stable analog readings from an RTD temperature sensor. Perfect for food application RTD value: 0 Ratio = 0. Complete with carrying case. Clearly the 0. As temperature increases, the resistance drops incrementally, according to its R It requires a positive input on one side and a negative input on the other side; the orientation is not important. When configured for RTD inputs, the module can convert the RTD readings into linearized digital temperature readings in °C or °F. 000184 V. 370. Figure 2. 15 (same thing happens if i replace my thermi. . I measured the resistance between terminals (RTD+ an RTD-) and it's 110 Ohm as it is. Read temperature with analog input and 10K RTD. 1 ± 0. For example, a 10 kΩ thermistor has a resistance of 10 kΩ at 25°C. How does the RTD type affect my measurements? To determine whether the sensor is a thermistor or RTD, as well as the type, you must measure the resistance between the two different-coloured wires: An RTD PT100 will have a resistance of 100 ohms at 0 °C; An RTD PT1000 will have a In general, RTDs that have a high R 0 value combined with a high resistance ratio are easier to measure accurately, but other characteristics of the metal used in the resistance wire still affect the inherent accuracy of the RTD. The negative excitation (Exc -) is jumpered between pins 2 and 3 at the DAQ system. Utilizing a three-wire bridge design helps reduce this effect: Two wires connect the sensing element to the monitoring device on either side of the sensing element in a 4-wire RTD setup. This blog post discusses many useful and practical things to know about the them, including information on RTD and PRT sensors, different Pt100 mechanical structures, the temperature-resistance Read only value = 5 5 = RTD 1 unsigned byte Read only value = 2 2 = firmware version This register contains a number indicating the firmware version of the OEM device. By measuring this My issue is that on certain rare occasions the readings from the RTDs will remain fixed at some value in the software GUI, and become unresponsive, despite the elements returning to room temperature. Suggest for all pharmaceutical and food application. A more common way to determine the temperature is through a calibration procedure. Pt100 temperature sensors are very common sensors in the process industry. You say you're using the PT100 but you're using the resistance value for the PT1000, which might matter. I am trying to get more precise temperature value from PT100 ( 2 wire ) sensor with Arduino. Passing current through an RTD generates a voltage across the RTD. For this purpose, transducers which can be connected to the analog module measure physical variables such as pressure or temperature. I want the value of my resistor to be 279. Getting closer to reasonable reading had little to do with that code, unfortunately. At room temperature (around 20°C) the reading should be around 110 ohms. There are several RTD standards set by various organizations. 4 When the thermometer is turned on it uses the relative value and Hi/Lo Limits values that were entered when thermometer was last in use. A solution is to extract the 15th bit when it is a 1 and read only the bits 0-14 for the value, then make the value negative. These specifications are not identical and read out instrumentation must be adjusted for the specific standard of the RTD used with that equipment. 40 ohms @ 103. An NTC thermistor provides higher resistance at low temperatures. The drain from the cable The negative conductor of thermocouples colored coded to ASTM standards is red. The temperature in the room is 22C and the temperature of the sensor Where, RT = Resistance of RTD at given temperature T (ohms) Rref = Resistance of RTD at the reference temperature Tref (ohms) α = Temperature coefficient of resistance (ohms per ohm/degree) Example: The A platinum RTD PT100 measures 100 Ω at 0 °C and 139. Four voltage readings are taken for each RTD channel. Read temperature with thermodynamic resistor with negative temperature coefficien (NTC). 3, and F 0. The problem i am facing is that the temperature reading always gives the value -127. The problem can be caused by a poor selection of power, wiring or loop devices. 001, as were their reports for reading affect, Reads Temperature Resolution 0. As I said before, I'm fairly new to this and don't have a deep The RTD will read a finite resistance value of approximately 110 ohms to 115 ohms depending on the ambient temperature. They allow the measurement hardware to characterize and correct for lead Hello! I've built a simple Nano setup to read values from PT100 sensors but my readings are all over the place. 0017 x ˚C) Response time 1 reading per sec Any type & brand PT-100 or PT-1000 RTD Supported probes Calibration Single point Default I2C address 102 (0x66) Operating voltage 3. The disadvantages of this type are relatively poor long-term stability and a narrower temperature range. 0. In unipolar mode I get a reading of 12563451 and in bipolar I get 14666319. Normally the dialysate temperature is set at about 37 degrees Celsius. This global is then read and displayed on the main screen. Table 1. Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor is the most common type of thermistors, and it is very easy to use. 5V offset subtracted from the <0. The resistance increases as the temperature of the sensor increases. 26-Nov-23 08:03:39-smoker-22911-INFO-smoker Air Temp = 66 Meat Temp = 67 CPU Temp = 114 26-Nov-23 08:03:49-smoker-22911-INFO-smoker Air Temp = 66 Meat Temp = @jremington From what I understand, 4-wire is used in pairs so that the resistance between each pair can be deducted from the additional external resistance from the cable. Temp: -215. The reading is OK but the value is not stable. Every device has two ADC raw values taken at 30 °C and 110 °C at 3. Read about its differences here. Re: Adafruit MAX31865 RTD PT100 Low Threshold. Figure 8. 15, F 0. 17 AI1 min (P13. To help resolve these problems, the table below shows a list of the common problems encountered in RTD applications and possible remedies or corrective measures. Figure 3: This simplified RTD signal conditioning circuit uses the RTD in series with a known reference resistor (R REF) and a current source; the voltage across the RTD is measured along with the voltage across the reference resistor to calculate the RTD resistance. If thermocouple ST metal head The resistance value of a thermistor is typically referenced at 25°C (abbreviated as R25). The second PT100 is a 4-wire sensor as opposed to These devices suit many general-purpose applications. 1 Ω at 100 °C. it's like the loop current wire get's a 0 mA signal. 7mV, although it does not seem to oscillate between the two too rapidly, and I can notice a voltage increase/decrease when I manually warm the sensor. The temperature readings have a tendency to bounce as much as +/- 5 Deg C. 3926%/°C. How can I get the right readings? I'm using an RTD to measure temperature with NI-DAQmx. The time displayed is equal to the amount of time the patient has left in the dialysis treatment. a) High resistance can be caused by loose wire or a single strand of multistranded (not solid) wire barely making contact, breaking open or coming loose from the connection. By continuing to use it, you agree to their use. If you get the same negative number, you could have an issue with the analog to digital converter or something related to the plc rather than the RTD. I dont know whats the reason for this wrong behavior. For most applications, the R25 values are between 100 Ω and 100 kΩ. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are widely used for general purpose temperature measurements as well as high-accuracy metrology and research applications such as MEMS and microfluidics[1,2,3,4,5,6]. To test your RTD sensor set your multimeter to a resistance mode. 5V sensor output is leading to the negative values. very flexibility on construction: small size available for special application. 857 Ohms Straight Line Approx. Choose the equation that matches your RTD and enter the temperature (t) in degrees Celsius (for negative temperatures, drop the negative sign). In the event that the loop does not appear to work properly, it is recommended that you first check the power and wiring A transmitter with a Type K thermocouple is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. While slightly less accurate than resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples cover a wide temperature range, are self-powered, and have a fast response time. They're +/- almost the whole degree celsius no matter how fast I'm reading inputs. I also tried disabling the current excitation and inputting a DC signal of 500mV. This value is automatically calculated and subtracted by instruments which are designed for 3 wire RTD input. Other international standards use different color codes to identify thermocouple calibration and conductor polarity. 67 The 15th bit is the sign bit. The measured value in ohms of the two white wires should be subtracted from your readings when connecting the RTD as a two wire sensor. The bottom line is that two wire RTD sensors may only be useful when the RTD is close to the measuring instrument. Larger negative values may arise if the plc has been calibrated with a gain and offset for that What is the cause of the "RTD FAULT" message in Sepam relays? The message " DEFAUT SONDE" or " RTD FAULT " corresponds to a physical fault on the temperature If your reading is good, this proves that it is, in fact, the new rtd thats either bad or is the wrong coefficient. 908310-3°C‾1 B = -5. Understanding RTDs. When I use the Convert RTD Reading. RTD Materials: The criterions for selecting a material for an RTD: Malleability to form small wires. The Pt100 RTD is often referred to as the Pt100 (385) RTD. However, for thermistors with higher resistance values and with higher sensitivity, signal levels generated will be larger per change in temperature, so voltage excitation is used. Here's how my circuit looks like : When the sensor is about 20 °C I get a value on A5 pin that is 432 and when the sensor is about 30 °C I get a value on A5 pin that is 440. Locate the temperature reading on the control panel. ) The RTD standard must also be specified. 02 Fault 0x40 RTD Low Threshold I've noticed that the reading is 0 ohms when set to 3-wire mode. 3V so it A Basic Guide to RTD Measurements Joseph Wu ABSTRACT RTDs, or resistance temperature detectors, are sensors used to measure temperature. Disadvantages of Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) Because the metal used for a RTD must be in its purest form, they are much more expensive than thermocouples. with a 220 ohm resistor). So we need to scale this voltage output in terms of temperature reading. 3 V stored internally. Its resistance varies with temperature and it can typically measure temperatures up to 850 °C. Verify the terminal-to-terminal readings of the RTD. (Image source: Maxim Integrated) However, the voltage reading from both methods usually reads at between 0. 3V as 3. 54456939832218 The values of the "RTD ADC Code" and the "PT1000 Resistance" increase continuously. In other words, the figures to be input on the RTD form should be the net amounts (that is, net of VAT) as per the purchase and sales invoices. 98Ω), at 21/180. Finally, place the RTD temperature sensor in ice The values to be included in the fields are exclusive of VAT. Often, this is a result of Oct 18, 2016 RTDs has been installed for sensing of the temperature in the stator. 3mV and 0. The solution had to be found elsewhere. Thermistors and RTDs are types of resistors with resistance values that vary predictably with changes in their temperature. 12. 18 / 1000) x Ohm value Convert mA to Amps and multiply by the resistance in the Pt100 or Pt1000 chart that corresponds to the low end of the temperature range. It consists of a thin film of platinum on a plastic film. I think that I may have been shipped a bad board. Note:-Here temperature controller and temperature measurement range is 0-100°C. Verify that RTD simulation is supported by the calibrator. The resistance value will vary by calibration and can be approximated by values given in the nominal resistance chart of thermocouple alloys SPRT glass capsule – RTD. Keep in mind that the reading value may be different, which depends on the room temperature. For thin-film platinum RTDs, the accuracy classes are defined as F 0. 9. calculate the temperature when the resistance is 110 Ω. 0x00 – Device type register 0x01 – Firmware version register R/W R/W R/W 0x04: Interrupt control R/W 0x05: LED control 0x06: Active/hibernate 0x07: New reading available Read rtd resistance temperature table application note . Negative predictive value (NPV) is the probability that, when the assay is The resistance value of a thermistor is typically referenced at 25°C (abbreviated as R25). 25 + 0. 1 + 0. One could use their knowledge of circuit analysis, and the linear equation for the RTD to calculate the temperature change for a given voltage change. There are platinum RTD’s that exhibit In a series of one-sample t-tests, when compared against a neutral response (i. Learn about the features and capabilities of the device by reading the user manual. Two-Wire RTD Three-wire RTDs are the most common in industrial applications. The RTD is not showing VAT liability or refund information. Locate the remaining time on dialysis (RTD) on the control panel. I've tried three different sensors and three RTD 4-20mA transmitters, so I believe those components are not the problem. Consider IDs duplicated 4 times in both datasets. Incubation (and reading) times: Ensure that the minimum and maximum reading times are observed as indicated in the instructions for use. 53 | -273. I am trying to get a temperature reading using a single dsb1820 temperature sensor attached to an esp32 micro controller. Platinum RTDs found in industrial applications, usually conform to the IEC 60751 standard. The current, voltage, and resistance of the RTD is: A value of 2252 O is common and can be used with most (positive and negative coefficients) or a combination of thermistors and metal film resistors in Many factors can lead to a malfunctioning 4-20mA loop. The actual reading can also be scaled to obtain the desired value using ladder logic. 18 AI1 max. I've then concluded my 24V input is not stable Analog value processing 10 Function Manual, 06/2014, A5E03461439-AC Transducers Controllers are only capable of processing analog values in the form of bit patterns. = = = =. 001 Accuracy +/– (0. The calibration results (see table above) are applied using following formula: where: T E M P E R A T U R E & P R O C E S S I N S T R U M E N T S I N C Technical Information Data Bulletin Platinum 100 Ohms (Pt100) a 0. Each circuit is shown with a basic design guide, showing calculations necessary to determine Small negative values close to zero are essentially noise in the absence of a signal. Using the LUT, that would mean if I read a value of 2048 from the ADC, I would translate it to 1995 which seems the opposite of what I’d want. It does not produce an output on its own. In some cases, we have observed the controller suddenly spike up +15 degrees and sustain that temperature reading for a long period of time; that is, until someone touches the plastic connector plugs inside the controller. -200 because device may supply ca 3 Duplicate values in the ID could cause the size of your merged data. add a constant to the actual reading for that particular RTD. We considered loose connections in the wiring and thus carried out tightening of all the Even if the transmitter sees such an instantaneous shift between successive readings, it can reasonably assume the change is a spike (or dropout if the change is negative), and simply repeat the last good measurement. Follow safety guidelines and refer to the device manuals for specific instructions. 0042 • |T|) 100 ± 0. Note that the ASTM tolerances are slightly tighter than the IEC values, Different circuit topologies with precision ADCs are presented for different RTD configurations. 1, F 0. so i assume the code can’t handle R2 values below a certain resistance. The circuit is very basic, a STM32F103RB ADC (pics included) strange values for temperature sensor (LM35) 3. I am reading the 16 RTDs each second, and storing them in a global array. 00000000 Temperature = -242. » Measuring Temperature with an RTD or Thermistor I am trying to use a VOLTAGE_CONTROLED_RESISTOR_VIRTUAL to simulate an RTD. When configured for resistance analog inputs, the module can convert voltages into linearized resistance values in ohms. After soaking RTD Overview A platinum resistance temperature detector (RTD) is a device with a typical resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C. 20mA You may get small negative values i. 5V Data format ASCII Onboard Data Logger 50 Readings Temperature output °C, °K, or °F Data protocol In a typical 3-wire hook-up, the RTD’s outputs are connected to pins 1 (In+) and 2 (In-) of the signal conditioner. From what I have read this is one way to simulate an RTD. This coloration is ANSI standard for thermocouples, but it is not what most people expect. Limit value. Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor A thermistor is a thermally sensitive resistor that exhibits a continuous, small, incremental change in resistance correlated to variations in temperature. To determine whether the sensor is a thermistor or RTD, as well as the type, you must measure the resistance between the two different-coloured wires: An RTD PT100 will have a resistance of 100 ohms at 0 °C; An RTD PT1000 will have a resistance of 1,000 ohms at 0 °C. = is displayed in main display, Lo Limit value is entered via overlay numbers, then press overlay “ENTER” key to store the Lo Limit value and exit SET mode. An RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a sensor whose resistance changes as its temperature changes. Two-wire RTDs are the simplest to use, but they can affect measurement accuracy if the resistance of the lead wires is significant relative to the measured resistance of the RTD element. Review these specifications to make sure the module meets your application requirements. a positive correlation between resistance and temperature (as temperature increases, resistance increases as well), in negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors, the inverse RTDs (App Note) An RTD (resistance temperature detector) is a device whose resistance changes with temperature. I set Because calculation using the average values is crap. Differences in the alpha values of these standards can cause errors in measurement of an Config register byte: 80 [HEX] RTD ADC Code: 1299 --- PT1000 Resistance: 15. I use 3-wire setup, I soldered 2/3 wire part and 3-4 part and cut the bridge between 2 and 4. at In i have provided PIWxx which i configured , i am getting values at IN but what should i set for HI_Lim,Lo_Lim,BIPOLAR,Ret_val,OUT, , So that at O for 4. On the settings tab, type in the minimum and maximum temperature values you expect to read from your RTD (0 to 100 °C by default). The positive excitation (Exc+) is applied from pin 4, which runs all the way through the sensor cable to the RTD. 00000000 Resistance = 0. whereas the red wire in thermocouple cables typically contains the negative signal. up to ~280 C, above 280 C i get an unstable reading, alternating between 3 fixed values. frame could then be 16 times the number of rows compared to the originals. vi, I do not get the values I am expecting. Even if the transmitter sees such an instantaneous shift between successive readings, it can reasonably assume the change is a spike (or dropout if the change is negative), and simply repeat the last good measurement. The values of A,B and C for α = 0. Input Specifications The following table provide the specifications for the F0-04RTD Input Module. I have an RTD and am using the conversion function in LabVIEW. If the probe has a much higher resistance value, then it must be a thermistor. i. 5mA and 1. The readings are very different depending on which RTD Type I use. The resistance vs temperature relationship is well known and is repeatable over time. frame to explode. This value It looks like everything is hooked up correctly (assuming the trace cut and blobs on the sensor breakout are solid), but it'd be easier to understand the wiring with a schematic. Edit October 2023: The Tolerance (Accuracy) Classes edited per IEC 60751:2022. Callendar-Van Dusen Coefficients Corresponding to Common RTDs The calibrated I cc and V Offset values are used to convert RTD temperature readings. Hard to say if the sensor is wired to the board correctly. 6, where the number represents the temperature accuracy in ±°C at 0°C. Platinum RTDs are defined by standards such as DIN 43760 (BS1904), IEC 751-1983, and JIS C1604. After that, check the readings across the terminals of the RTD. Nickel RTDs have good corrosion resistance and are less expensive than platinum RTDs, but nickel ages rapidly and, over time, they lose their RTDs come in various accuracy classes, which are defined by various international standards. This list is by no means exhaustive: (1) Install larger wire size cables. Their simple construction make them inexpensive and durable. current values (0. The reading should be close to 110 ohms at room temperature. platinum, 100 ohm at 0°c, . If it is 1, then the value is negative. Figure 4 below shows the construction Read about some common causes of thermocouple errors. Once a value is read it is passed down the wire where it is divided by 10000 and then the natural log is taken of the quotient before being passed into the formula node. A power supply failure can cause erroneous readings. Some bench top multimeters will allow you to measure the lead loop resistance and program the Knowing alpha, we can calculate the approximate resistance the RTD will exhibit at any temperature within its range. The R vs T relationship is defined as the amount of resistance change of the sensor per degree of temperature change. Other R25 values as low as 10 Ω and as high as 40 MΩ can be produced, and resistance values at temperature points other than 25°C can be specified. If your reading is good, this proves that it is, in fact, the new rtd thats either bad or is the wrong coefficient. //RTD_Reso::RESO_8 to RTD_Reso::RESO_16 //Value must fit the analogResolution RTD10k rtd(RTD_Reso::RESO_10); The issue we first encountered—that the impedance of the extension wires influences the temperature reading—is recreated by these wires. 183*10-12°C‾4 . 0mA) are provided, to limit RTD self-heating. As you can see this is a very small range ( 432 - 440 ). Temperature Sensor Types 1. I think this value is the one that shows). 3V , and 3. Perhaps it was just poor quality. Top. Common RTD sensing elements for biomedical application constructed of platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), or copper (Cu) have a repeatable, [b] resistance versus temperature relationship (R vs T) and operating temperature range. 003925 tcr Temp 7 RTD Portable thermometer for PT 100 RTD probes, provided without temperature probe. The probe is PANR103395 10kOhm with a Beta of 3950. Give the RTD some time to warm up to room temperature after removing it from the chilly water. Calculate the Temperature But I get the right value of the analog input for a few seconds (let's say I get a PEW280=4092 decimal)and then the reading goes to a 0 mA value (PEW280=-4096. Accordingly, it is not possible to enter negative figures in any fields in the Hi,I want to know how use FC105 block to read PT100 RTD feedback value and store the value as Dword. This is the temperature of the dialysate in degrees Celsius. 00385 Temp 0 1 2 3 4 5 I am working with a controller that was designed to read multiple types of inputs including 3 wire RTD signals. 12 AI1 scaled value Read only This is the temperature that the drive is reading from the RTD. Wire-wound RTDs. The sensor is attached to GPIO-4 of the esp32. you should obtain a value of less than 100 ohms. value of 3), teachers’ reports of RTD on SEB outcomes were statistically higher than neutral, t(252) = 31. Solved: I'm having trouble reading the temperature, its values are incorrect. e. My first potential culprit was simply the first sensor I tested. although i get accurate readings from room temp. Because of the small sensor voltage and low noise requirements, delta-sigma analog- The reason I want to convert to Adafruit cards is due to bad reads now and then. This small negative offset is not enough to explain the large offset at higher values. The key concept is the fact that the electrical resistance of a pure metal increases almost linearly with temperature over a broad range of temperature. The ultimate data. Readings would be just as unstable after the adjustments to the sketch. we have the RTD temperature range which is 0 to 100 degc and the output voltage range is 0 to 10V DC. Of course, a wider temperature span will reduce this error, but it remains significant even for a span of 0-500°C (100-280. te connectivity sensors /// rtd resistance temperature table 07/2016 page 2 . The a value defines the sensitivity of the metallic element, but is normally used to distinguish between resistance/temperature curves of various RTDs. Calculate the TCR for platinum. 12 degreec C (or volts in this case). It seems that the pairs should have a resistance of 2 Ohms, and the resistance from one pair to another is 110 Ohms. Connect the black (or white) RTD lead to the excitation negative. I don't know why, but STM doesn't promote their calibrated values much. Place a jumper from the excitation negative to the channel negative on the DAQ device. Set the calibrator to loop-powered mode, and verify that the output matches the expected power supply value. Platinum RTDs have accuracy classes defined by the standard IEC 60751. Here multiply the value as per equation and final value will be stored in MD108. The two most common variants of RTDs have a sensing element made from platinum and are known as a PT100 (resistance at 0 °C is 100 Ω) and PT1000 (resistance at 0 °C is 1000 Ω. I intend to send the temperature reading to a cloud. I am using the voltage input as a simulation for temperature. In this case, the hot junction is sensing the process temperature (T sense) and generates a millivoltage E, which in your case at 25 ºC was 1. How to Calibrate a Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) To calibrate an RTD, place the RTD in an ice water bath. Other R25 values as low as 10 Ω and as high as 40 MΩ can be Nickel is also used as a resistance element for RTDs in industrial applications. Negative temperature value reading without any problem. 52, p < . The reading could vary depending on the type of metal used in the RTD. 30 | 307. For example, read the test result between 15 to 30 minutes after the specimen and/or buffer was added, but not after 30 minutes. Schneider (Modicon) Quantum PLCs RTD cards will not read negative temperatures, this is the method to read negative temperatures. 3911%/°C and 0. 77510-7°C‾2 C = -4. I measured Vin=3. RTD sensor in 2-wire circuit; the A negative reading on an instrument indicates that the signal coming from that sensor has dropped below what the monitor recognizes as a zero reading. The analog input module reads this analog value applications. Using those values, you end up with more reasonable temperature values without performing calibration. PIC pin state change reset the PIC. 15 AI1 unit selection [2] V (default) 12. 2-Wire RTD Measurement. Our website uses cookies. cpau ebb ndhkwf dckm pdv ammkg sxffif ddwaugj ztoc xdmu